“Research
has determined that dyslexia and other reading disabilities stem from a core
deficit in phonological awareness, a skill that is needed to associate spoken
words with written language.” Spalding Reading International
The underlying meaning of the term ‘dyslexia’is almost
always “has not yet been taught to read. Traditionally,
such poor readers were referred to simply as “bad readers.” It is time
for educators to accurately define this overused term so that parents better
understand the problems that their children are facing, and make better
decisions even if those mean removing children from schools that fail to teach
reading to enroll them in schools where full literacy is
considered the achievable goal. Spalding Reading International defines
the core deficit of such readers as phonological awareness.
It is time that all schools employ teachers who know how to teach all
children the skills for phonological awareness, then
teach all children to read by teaching them to accurately use the complete
system of phonics for both receptive and
expressive literacy. Phonics is, and always has been, the code in which English speech is recorded for
later reading. It is time to let both the students and their parents in
on that secret.
When it became obvious, even
to those outside the realm of schooling, that teachers, were failing to teach
children to read using the See & Say Method with its Dick & Jane type books,, damage control became necessary. By bringing
into use the term dyslexia, educators were
provided with the means to transfer their own failures onto parents, genetics, birth defects, family dynamics, birth order,
housing, neighborhoods, income levels, –anything but—the true
reason that children were no longer learning to read.
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The fact is that in order to read a phonetic language like
English, readers must be taught the phonetic code in
which that language is written. Rather than admit their errors and return
to the traditional method for teaching reading, educational powers-that-be
decided that the destructive blunder must continue unabated and unstated.
Mountains of blame, and a lucrative dyslexia industry, have grown to distract
people from the underlying reasons for the massive failure of American schools.
Reading failures began when
educators changed their teaching methods from the teaching of phonics to the teaching of sight word memorization. Regna
Lee Wood explained in her article, “That’s Right, They’re Wrong” (The National Review, 09-14-1992, pgs 49-52):
“The massive failure of our schools …began in 1929 and 1930 when
hundreds of primary teachers, guided by college reading professors, stopped
teaching beginners to read by matching sounds with letters that spell sounds,
and started teaching them to recognize the 1,500 most commonly used words
simply by seeing them printed over and over in the new ‘see and say’
readers.…Teachers in other countries with alphabets have successfully used
phonics for the last 3,500 years. The United States is the only country
in the world with teachers who try to teach most of their students to read with
sight repetition of whole words. The United States is the only country
with illiterate schoolchildren, and with illiterate adults who were once
illiterate schoolchildren.”
After bestowing a label of dyslexia on a child, the educational focus should
turn to rapid remediation of accurate sound awareness, sound interpretation,
and sound-to-letter correspondence. That rarely occurs. The black hole of special education too often
swallows the child. Little—or nothing— is done to
remediate auditory and sound-to-letter deficits towards returning the child to
regular classes prepared to achieve full literacy in English. Too many of
these children languish in special ed classes until quitting school or graduating as an illiterate with compromised
opporunities in life. Companies “specializing in dyslexia” create
expensive programs, often with endless pen & pencil worksheets claiming to
help students “overcome their deficits.” Too many poor children in
poor schools never receive even that much.
I taught special education
classes for over 40 years. The first two decades were spent teaching deaf
children; the second two decades were spent teaching students burdened with
the Learning Disabled label, often with dyslexia assigned like a
specialty. After
careful observation and testing, I found that most of my students to be bad
readers who were “Teaching Disabled” rather than
Learning Disabled. They had not been taught to read in the right
way, at the right time, and with the right methods. Some refer to the
dyslexia subcategory as “School Induced Dyslexia”.
I concur.
Using Greek combining forms
for word creation, one sees that dyslexia means “bad with words”.
However, in my long career in Special Education, where one should
surely see dyslexic children, I recall just two (2) students with normal IQs
who I believe had innate physical deficits. I concluded that the term to
define such deficits should be “bad with symbols”. One student was so bad
at learning and manipulating math symbols that
in high school, he still had difficulty doing first grade math. However,
his verbal, reading, and writing skills were above grade level. The
other student, also a high schooler, had great difficulty interpreting and
converting auditory input into the letter symbols which represented them.
He had learned to read fairly well because he had strong anticipatory and
inference skills, but he could not convert any but the most basic words into a
spelled form. The condition of being “bad with symbols” occurs quite
rarely.
The
failure of the sight word/whole language/balanced literacy method happens like
this: A sight word memorized becomes a snapshot of the word, retained in
the portion of our brain where pictures are stored. Therefore, each new
sight word learned nestles cozily there with memories of other Whole
things: grandmother’s face, first home, first bicycle, first pet,
favorite friend,…
But
the act of reading is a Sequential, rather than a Whole Word recognition
skill. Sequential processes are handled in a different portion of the
brain from where all of those drilled-to-memorization sight words are
stored. For fluent reading to occur, an individual must become adept at
moving the eyes sequentially, Left to Right, recognizing each phoneme and
considering its position in a sequence that makes up a word, then considering
the word meaning to the sequence that makes up the sentence.
Methodical instruction in
Phonics hones such skills. These skills allow the brain to
assign Decoding (taking from the Code) tasks to an Auto
Pilot mode whereby the flow of thought can almost see through the print to the meaning of the piece
being read, without being bogged down by decoding chores. The
eyes fly across the print, pausing to decode new words before leaping to the
next word in the sequence.
We think in a flow. I
compare this to fluent, sequential Cursive penmanship. We think and speak
the word “dog”. We neither think nor say, “/d/ /o/ /g/”. The fractured aspect of
printing has no place in reinforcing the fluent flow of speech, thought,
writing, or reading. The learning and use of Cursive mimics and
reinforces the flow of thought and reading. In great error, the
educational “experts” have decided cursive is no longer needed.
In my classroom, we referred
to the Sight Word approach as the “I Haven’t Had That Word Yet”
Method. A typical reading using this method:
“I ?? (send signal
through the overworked bundle of nerves connecting the two hemispheres of the
brain to find the whole picture of the unknown word and bring it back to place
in the sentence) hurried ??
(send message across to retrieve… ) across the ?? (“I haven’t had this word yet! Oh, pavement.”)
pavement of the ??
(send message across for retrieval) crowded … street to get the ……
“ Oh! I forgot the first part of the sentence!!” Reading Failure!
Educators would have us
believe that dyslexia descended upon us like some virus from a crashing meteor
to spread swiftly and widely to only English speaking children. Ah,
no. Dyslexia is not a scientific condition with a genetic lifelong
sentence. A child with the label dyslexia needs
a skilled reading teacher, not a team of expensive specialists.
For those given the word dyslexia as a
label for a child, insist that the educational plan be written to specify the
teaching and remediation of Phonemic Awareness and
the entire Phonetic Code. Express
the expectation that the remediation be done with a sense of urgency, with the
child to be released from special services at the earliest possible date.
Request that such plans be clearly worded and expressly defined in the child’s
Individual Education Plan (IEP). Do not sign the IEP until and unless
such specific wording is included. Remember, Dyslexia is an education term,
not a scientific one.
Some
wisdom from the past:
I
tell you earnestly, you must get into the habit of
looking intensely at words, assuring yourself of their
meaning, syllable by syllable, nay, letter by letter.
looking intensely at words, assuring yourself of their
meaning, syllable by syllable, nay, letter by letter.
A
well-educated gentleman may not know many languages,
may not be able to speak any but his own,
may have read very few books; but
whatever language he knows, he know precisely;
whatever word he pronounces, he pronounces rightly.
may not be able to speak any but his own,
may have read very few books; but
whatever language he knows, he know precisely;
whatever word he pronounces, he pronounces rightly.
Let
the accent of words be watched, and closely;
let their meaning be watched more closely still.
let their meaning be watched more closely still.
–John
Ruskin, 1819-1900
Linda
Schrock Taylor [send her mail] is a reading specialist,
writer, and retired teacher. She is the author of Read Better! For Adults and Teens, a manual
for those wanting to read better with greater ease and more efficiency. The
book includes short important lessons for use of the code in which English is
written, followed by 80 practice stories arranged incrementally, ranging in
difficulty from mid-elementary through college levels, with graded scoring for
charting progress. Linda is now writing Spell Better, her second in a series
for teens and adults. Visit Linda’s website to see lesson samples: http://www.ReadWriteSpellBetter.com.