There’s no escaping a belief in God. The
individual can be a god unto him or herself. “Every person doing what is right
in his or her eyes” (Judges 17:6). The problem
is, someone with a rock, club, sword, spear, knife, gun, or a nuclear weapon
can change all of that. Separating the God of the Bible from the State in its
many manifestations makes the State god. “We have no king but Caesar” (John 19:15). “Dominus et Deus.”
What
about the group, the democratic expression of the will of the masses, in the
expression, vox populi, vox dei? “The voice of the people is
the voice of God.” George Orwell and the climate change elites of our day have
shown us that while all men are equal, some men are more equal than others.
The Bible
has a lot to say about the balance of power in God’s created order. The
individual has liberty within the confines of God’s law. The same is true of
civil government. It has a governmental role to play but it’s severely limited.
Decentralizing
the authority and power of governments has a long history, going back to the
Old Testament. Moses became the chief judicial officer in Israel, assisted by
numerous lesser civil magistrates (Ex. 18:17–26). Aaron, Moses’ brother, became
the chief ecclesiastical officer as High Priest, assisted by
numerous lesser priests (29:1–9; Lev. 8). Moses did not carry out the duties of
a priest, and Aaron did not perform civil tasks.
In the
days of the Judges, Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon, and Samson served as civil
officers (Judges 1–13), while the son of Micah, Phineas, Eli, and the Levites
served in an ecclesiastical capacity (Judges 17; 20:28; 1 Sam. 1–8).
During
the period of the monarchy, King Saul served as a civil official while
Ahimelech ministered as the chief ecclesiastical leader in the nation (1 Sam. 10 and 21). David was king while Abiathar carried out
the duties of a priest (1 Chron. 15:11). David’s son Solomon ruled as
a civil officer while Zadok pursued ecclesiastical obligations (1 Kings 1:45). King Joash and Jehoiada the
priest (2 Kings 11) and King Josiah and the priest Hilkiah (2 Kings 22:4) maintained jurisdictional
separation. Even after the return from exile, Church and State as parallel
institutions operated with Governor Nehemiah (Neh. 7) and Priest Ezra (Neh. 8).
Jurisdictional
Cooperation
In biblical terms, there was never such
a jurisdictional separation between Church and State that the State was free
from God’s law (Deut. 17:15–20). Both
priest and king were required to sit before the law to be instructed. The
priest was to follow guidelines pertaining to ecclesiastical affairs, while the
king would glean from Scripture those directives designed for his civil office.
If a case was too difficult for the civil ruler to decide, the Bible gives the
following instruction: “You shall come to the Levitical priest or the judge who
is in office in those days, and you shall inquire of them, and they will
declare to you the verdict in the case” (17:9).
Notice
the use of “the Levitical priest or the judge.” Both were required to be
experts in the law. The judges did not follow a different standard in
adjudicating legal issues. The Levites were to assist the civil ruler as much
as the judges, but the Levites were not called on to rule in place of the king.
King
David did not dismiss the exhortation of the prophet Nathan after being
confronted for his sins of adultery and murder. Although David at first did not
know that the rebuke was leveled against him, he did not act as if it was
unusual for someone in Nathan’s position to seek the counsel of the king and
even to offer the king advice. David accepted Nathan’s rebuke. He did not tell
Nathan that there is a “separation between Church and State”: “Then David said
to Nathan, ‘I have sinned against the LORD’” (2 Sam. 12:13). Modern-day separationists are
closer to the way Herod responded when John the Baptist rebuked him for his
adultery (Mark 6:14–29). “What a
ruler does privately is none of your business.”
Crossing
the Boundaries
There is always the danger of
jurisdictional usurpation, when, say, the civil government removes the
jurisdictional boundaries and enters the domain of the Church. The
Bible cites several examples of how the king sought to overrule the authority
and jurisdiction of the Church. King Saul assumed the duties of the priests
when he offered sacrifices. He stepped out of bounds from his kingly duties (1 Sam. 15:9–15, 22).
In
another place, Saul killed the godly priest Ahimelech because he would not
fulfill the king’s political goals (1 Sam. 22:6–23). King Jeroboam established his
State religion in Bethel and Dan. Non-Levites of the worst character were
appointed to serve as priests (1 Kings 12:26–31).
Then
there’s the incident of King Uzziah who crossed the boundary in a seemingly
minor way but was judged harshly. God is serious about jurisdictional
church-state separation. The king is said to have been “proud” (2 Chron. 26:16). His pride led him to go
beyond his legitimate civil jurisdiction and move into the ecclesiastical area.
While he was “chief of State,” being the king in Judah, he was not a priest.
King Uzziah could not assume the role of a priest and perform in the most basic
ecclesiastical duties. He had no jurisdictional authority to serve in the
Temple, the Old Testament equivalent of the New Testament Church. Uzziah
ignored God’s law and “acted corruptly, and he was unfaithful to the LORD his
God, for he entered the temple of the LORD to burn incense on the altar of
incense” (2 Chron. 26:16).
The
king was struck with the most feared disease in all Israel: leprosy! “And king
Uzziah was a leper to the day of his death; and he lived in a separate house,
being a leper, for he was cut off from the house of the LORD” (v. 21). He lost
access to the Temple, was isolated from the general population, and lost his
kingdom to his son, Jotham, who “was over the king’s house judging the people
of the land” (v. 21). Azariah the priest was not passive in this incident. He
knew the limitations of the king’s power. He, along with “eighty priests of the
LORD” (v. 17), took action against the king. They “opposed Uzziah the king” (v.
18), making it clear that “it is not for you, Uzziah, to burn incense to the
LORD, but for the priests, the sons of Aaron who are consecrated to burn
incense” (v. 18). The priests commanded Uzziah to “get out of the sanctuary”
(v. 18).
These
“ecclesiastical officials” are called “valiant men” (v. 17) because they acted
with great risk. While there were eighty of them, the king still commanded an
army. He could have put them to death.
There
was a precedent for this when Ahimelech the priest helped David against King
Saul (1 Sam. 21–22). Saul
called on Doeg the Edomite to attack the priests after the king’s own servants
refused: “And Doeg the Edomite turned around and attacked the priests, and he
killed that day eighty-five who wore the linen ephod” (1 Sam. 22:18). Doeg the Edomite had no qualms
about killing the priests. King Uzziah had Saul’s hate in his eye: “Uzziah,
with a censer in his hand for burning incense, was enraged” (2 Chron. 26:19).
There have been times when the Church has
forgotten its God-ordained jurisdictional role. The Church can deny its
prophetic ministry when it is seduced by politics, that is, to see politics as
the sole way to advance God’s kingdom. Isn’t this what happened when
the people wanted to crown Jesus as King, to make Him their political ruler? (John 6:15). They showed their true allegiance
when Jesus refused to accept their view of what they thought God’s kingdom
should be like. “The distribution of bread moved the crowd to acclaim Jesus as
the New Moses, the provider, the Welfare King whom they had been waiting for.”1
When Jesus did not satisfy their false
conception of salvation, they turned elsewhere and cried out: “We have
no king but Caesar” (John 19:15). They denied the transforming work
of the Holy Spirit to regenerate the dead heart of man. For them and for many
today, man’s salvation comes through political power. Jesus, however, is not a political
savior, but His saving work should impact politics because the civil domain of
government is ordained by God. “God’s Creation, God’s Rules.”
1.
John Howard Yoder, The Politics of Jesus: Vicit Agnus
Noster (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1972), 42. [↩]
