The Obama administration has been the most lawless in U.S.
history. Here are just a few examples to prove it.
The Obama administration has been the most lawless in U.S. history. I don’t mean that in
the Nixonian sense of personal corruption, whereby the president is personally
above the law, although the idea that Barack Obama’s tenure has been ethically
pure is laughable.
No, my accusation rests on the 44th
president’s seeing himself as professionally above the law, ignoring the
executive branch’s legal limits and disrespecting constitutional bounds like
federalism and the separation of powers.
But don’t just take it from me. Liberal law
professor Garrett Epps (a professional acquaintance) admits that “even for those like me who admire
Barack Obama, the constitutional record is disturbingly mixed. Obama leaves the
Constitution weaker than at the beginning of his terms.” Epps labels Obama’s
posture to be one of “aggressive compliance,” torturing statutory language as
far as it can go in order to avoid constitutional claims.
Obama Only Furthered the Imperial Presidency
He points first to the 2011 Libya
intervention. It involved neither a congressional authorization of the use of
force, nor compliance with the 1973 War Powers Act, which requires at least
congressional notification of troop commitments and affirmative permission
after 60 days. Every president since the WPA’s enactment has claimed that it’s
an unconstitutional limit on inherent executive authority over military power.
Obama instead claimed that hundreds of missile strikes and dozens of air
missions didn’t trigger the WPA because they only constituted “kinetic military
action” rather than war.
It just doesn’t pass the smell test.
Neither does at least some of the National Security Agency’s robust program of
domestic surveillance, about which Director of National Intelligence James
Clapper has lied to Congress. And then there’s the aggressive posture towards and
persecution of journalists. It’s as if the goal was to show Donald Trump how
it’s done.
This is all a world away from candidate
Obama, who said this on the campaign trail in 2008: “The biggest problems that
we’re facing right now have to do with George Bush trying to bring more and
more power into the executive branch and not go through Congress at all. And
that’s what I intend to reverse when I’m president.” As George Mason law
professor David Bernstein quipped, foolish voters thought that Obama was
taking issue with the imperial presidency, when really he was only complaining
that the wrong man occupied the throne.
How Obama Ignored Constitutional Checks and
Balances
Indeed, once he lost the congressional
majority that allowed him to sign breathtakingly unconstitutional legislation
like Obamacare and Dodd-Frank, Obama began using his pen in other ways.
Hearkening to Woodrow Wilson’s progressive view of the administrative state,
President Obama steadily took out his frustrations with the checks and balances
that inhibited his ability to “fundamentally transform” the country.
A lack of congressional acquiescence didn’t
stop this president. Even in Obama’s first term, the administration launched a
“We Can’t Wait” initiative, with senior aide Dan Pfeiffer explaining that “when
Congress won’t act, this president will.” And when the reelected President
Obama announced his second-term economic plans, he said that “I will not allow
gridlock, or inaction, or willful indifference to get in our way.”
But no matter how much you hold it up to
the light—and no matter what textual penumbras you induce—there’s no “gridlock
clause” in the Constitution by which the president’s power increases to the
extent Congress doesn’t support him. Indeed, gridlock
is a feature of our system, not a bug, meant to check executive abuse and
majoritarian populism both.
As we mark another peaceful transfer of
power, let’s pause to note the 10 most significant ways in which Barack Obama
violated the Constitution, in rough chronological order.
1. The Chrysler Bailout
Building on the Bush administration’s illegal
use of TARP funds to bail out the auto industry, the Obama administration in
2009 bullied Chrysler’s secured creditors—who were entitled to “absolute
priority”—into accepting 30 cents on the dollar, while junior creditors such as
labor unions received much more. This subversion of creditor rights violates
not just bankruptcy law, but also the Constitution’s Takings and Due Process
Clauses.
This blatant crony
capitalism—government-directed industrial policy to help political
insiders—discourages investors and generally undermines confidence in American
rule of law. The Supreme Court ultimately vacated the Second Circuit ruling
that allowed this farce to proceed; Chrysler’s creditors are still out of luck,
but there’s no legal precedent.
2. Obamacare Implementation
One can, and many have, written whole
articles about how the Affordable Care Act is such an affront to the rule of
law that its individual mandate and Medicaid coercion—both of which Chief
Justice John Roberts rewrote—are just the tip of the lawless iceberg. On
implementation, we can’t blame Congress or courts. Here’s a sample:
·
The Labor Department announced in February 2013 that it was
delaying for a year the part of the law that limits how much people have to
spend on their own insurance. This may have been sensible, but changing a law
requires actual legislation.
·
Later that year, the administration announced via blogpost on
the eve of the July 4 holiday that it was delaying the requirement that
employers of at least 50 people provide complying insurance or pay a fine. This
time it cited statutory authority, but the cited provisions allow the delay of
reporting requirements, not the mandate itself.
·
The famous pledge that “if you like your plan, you can keep it”
backfired when insurers started cancelling millions of plans that didn’t comply
with Obamacare. So Obama called a press conference to proclaim that people
could continue buying non-complying plans for another year—despite the ACA’s
language to the contrary. He then refused to consider a House-passed bill that
would’ve made this action legal.
·
A little-known part of Obamacare requires congressional staff to
get insurance from health exchanges, rather than a taxpayer-funded program.
Obama directed the Office of Personnel Management to interpret the law to
maintain the generous benefits.
·
Obamacare grants tax credits to people whose employers don’t
provide coverage if they buy a plan “through an Exchange established by the
State”—and then fines employers for each employee receiving such a subsidy. No
tax credits are authorized for residents of states where the exchanges are
established by the federal government, as an incentive for states to
create exchanges themselves. Because so few (16) states did, however, the IRS
issued a rule allowing subsidies (and fines) for plans coming from “a State
Exchange, regional Exchange, subsidiary Exchange, and federally-facilitated
Exchange.” Yes, we can also blame the Supreme Court for upholding this.
·
The Department of Health and Human Services granted more than
2,000 waivers to employers seeking relief from Obamacare’s regulations. Nearly
20 percent of them went to gourmet restaurants and other businesses in former
Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s San Francisco district. Nevada, home to former Senate
Majority Leader Harry Reid, got a blanket waiver, while GOP-controlled states
like Indiana and Louisiana were denied. Beyond political favoritism, such
dispensations violate a host of constitutional and administrative law
provisions like equal protection and the “intelligible principle” needed for
congressional delegation of authority to cabinet agencies.
·
HHS also continues paying insurance companies to compensate them
for losses caused by Obamacare’s ignorance of basic economics. Alas, Congress
never appropriated these funds, so the House of Representatives is suing the
administration and won in the district court. Now on appeal, House v.
Burwell is stayed until the D.C. Circuit hears from the incoming Trump
administration. (Full disclosure: My wife joined the House general counsel’s
office last month and is litigating the appeal.)
3. Political Profiling by the IRS
After seeing a rise in the number of
applications for tax-exempt status, the IRS in 2010 compiled a “be on the
lookout” (“BOLO”) list to identify organizations engaged in political
activities. The list included words such as “Tea Party,” “Patriots,” and
“Israel”; subjects such as government spending, debt, or taxes; and activities
such as criticizing the government, educating about the Constitution, or
challenging Obamacare. The targeting continued through May 2013, with no
consequences other than Lois Lerner, the chief of the exempt-organizations
unit, being held in contempt of Congress—and then being allowed to peacefully
retire despite erased records and other cover-ups. Okay, this one qualifies as
Nixonian.
4. Recess Appointments
In January 2012, President Obama appointed
three members of the National Labor Relations Board, as well as the head of the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, during what he considered to be a Senate
recess. But the Senate was still holding “pro forma” sessions every three
days—a technique developed by Sen. Harry Reid to thwart Bush recess
appointments. (Meanwhile, the Dodd-Frank Act, which created the CFPB, provides
that authority remains with the Treasury Secretary until a director is “confirmed
by the Senate.”) In 2014, Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the NLRB
appointments were illegal, while last year the D.C. Circuit found the CFPB’s
structure to be unconstitutional.
5. DACA and DAPA
Congress has shamelessly failed to pass any
sort of immigration reform, including for the most sympathetic victims of the
current non-system, young people who were brought into the country illegally as
children. Nonetheless, during his 2012 reelection campaign, President Obama
directed the Department of Homeland Security to issue work and residence
permits (Deferred Action to Childhood Arrivals) to the so-called Dreamers.
Then, after the 2014 midterms, the
president decided that he had been wrong 22 times in saying he couldn’t give temporary
legal status to illegal immigrants. The administration engineered this Deferred
Action for Parents of Americans in the wake of Congress’s rejection of the same
policies, in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, immigration law,
and the Constitution’s Take Care Clause. A district court enjoined DAPA in
February 2015, which action the Fifth Circuit twice affirmed, as did the
Supreme Court by a 4-4 vote.
6. Assault On Free Speech and Due Process On College
Campuses
In 2013 the Department of Education’s
Office of Civil Rights, in conjunction with the Justice Department, sent the
University of Montana a letter that became a national
“blueprint” for tackling sexual harassment. The letter urged a crackdown on
“unwelcome” speech and requires complaints to be heard in quasi-judicial
procedures that deny legal representation, encourage punishment before trial,
and convict based on a mere “more likely than not” standard.
As noted civil libertarian Harvey
Silverglate explained this week, the administration
construed Title IX—the federal law barring sex discrimination by federally
funded schools—as a mandate to punish students and faculty accused of sexual
misconduct using procedures that make it extraordinarily difficult for innocent
people to defend themselves.
7. The Clean Power Plan
In June 2014, the Environmental Protection
Agency proposed a new rule for regulating power-plant emissions. Despite
significant criticism, it finalized the rule in August 2015, giving states
until 2018 to develop plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, with mandatory
compliance beginning in 2022.
The EPA cites Section 111 of the Clean Air
Act as justification for this Clean Power Plan, but that section can’t give the agency such authority. Section 111 doesn’t permit the
government to require states to regulate pollutants from existing sources when
those pollutants are already being regulated under Section 112, like those
deriving from coal-fired plants. The late Justice Scalia’s last public act was
to join an order staying the rule pending further litigation (or, as is likely,
a rescinding of the rule).
8. The WOTUS Rule
In May 2015, the EPA announced its new
Clean Water Rule, which aims to protect streams and wetlands from pollution.
The agency insists that the rule doesn’t affect bodies of water not previously
regulated, but several groups have sued on the basis that the rule’s
definitions of regulated waters greatly exceed the EPA’s authority under the
Clean Water Act to regulate “waters of the United States” (WOTUS).
The Supreme Court has thrice addressed the
meaning of that phrase, making clear that, for the EPA to have regulatory
authority, a sufficient nexus must exist between the location regulated and
“navigable waters.” The Clean Water Rule, however, purports to give EPA power
far beyond waters that are “navigable” by any stretch of the word’s definition.
Litigation is ongoing.
9. Net Neutrality
In the works throughout the Obama
presidency, the Open Internet Rule was adopted in February 2015 and went into
effect that June, forbidding internet-service providers (ISPs) from
prioritizing different kinds of internet traffic.
The real issue, beyond this “net
neutrality,” is the Federal Communications Commission’s manufacture of
authority to regulate the internet despite clear congressional instruction that
the internet remain unregulated. In 2014, courts struck down the FCC’s 2010
self-aggrandizement under the 1934 Communications Act and 1996
Telecommunications Act, so the agency doubled down by writing a new rule that
equated the internet with telephony.
That creative interpretation allowed the
FCC to claim the sweeping discretion it had used to manage the AT&T phone
monopoly throughout the 20th century. Moreover, while the FCC touts the
regulation as ensuring that the internet remains free of censorship, the rule
impinges on the First Amendment rights of internet-service providers.
10. EPA’s Cap-And-Trade
In October 2015, the EPA issued a
carbon-emissions cap-and-trade regulation, establishing for each state limits
on carbon dioxide emission, with four interim steps on the way to the final
goal. EPA says that this rule, too, is authorized by Section 111 of the Clean
Air Act, but Congress considered and rejected such a cap-and-trade
program in 2009. Far from being authorized by the Clean Air Act or
lying in some zone of statutory ambiguity, this massive new regulatory scheme
contradicts the express will of Congress.
That’s Only The Beginning
It was obviously difficult to narrow that
enumeration to just 10—and I cheated by putting all the Obamacare shenanigans
under one item. Some may complain that I should’ve prioritized other kinds of
executive actions, whether regarding guns or transgender bathroom access or
electricity regulation. Others may prefer to invoke President Obama’s decision
not to subject the Iran nuclear treaty to a Senate vote—aided by Foreign
Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker’s naïve complicity—or engaging in the
Bowe Bergdahl prisoner swap without notifying Congress. Sadly, the
possibilities for this parlor game are nearly endless.
Then, of course, there’s the administration’s
abysmal performance before the Supreme Court,
where its win percentage hovers around 45 percent (as against a historical norm
of 60-70 percent). The Justice Department has even suffered nearly 50 unanimous
losses, half again as many as under George W. Bush or Bill Clinton. These
cases have come in such disparate areas as criminal procedure, religious
liberty, property rights, immigration, securities regulation, tax law, and the
separation of powers. They have nothing in common other than incredible
assertions of federal power. The government’s arguments across this wide
variety of cases would essentially allow the executive branch to do whatever it
wants without constitutional restraint.
Are these really the kind of powers
President Obama and his progressive enablers would want their worst enemies to
have? As my colleague Gene Healy writes
in the latest issue of Reason, “the very idea of ‘President Trump’
seemed like a thought experiment a libertarian might have invented to get a
liberal friend to focus on the dangers of concentrated power. Now it’s an
experiment we’re going to run in real life, starting January 20, 2017.”
If you live by executive action, you die by
executive action—whether that means reversing President Obama’s policies or
pocketing his constitutional excesses for future use.
Ilya Shapiro
is a senior contributor to The Federalist. He is a senior fellow in
Constitutional Studies at the Cato Institute and Editor-in-Chief of the Cato
Supreme Court Review. Follow him on Twitter, @ishapiro.
