The history of mass hysteria, or mass sociogenic illness is fascinating. Cases of mass hysteria have been documented since the Middle Ages. Let me just mention a few of the more recent cases.
When
a radio play by Orson Welles, War of the Worlds, was
broadcasted in 1938 shortly after the suspension of the Munich agreement, the play allegedly caused
panic among listeners, who thought that they were under attack by Martians.
Another
intriguing case is an episode of a Portuguese TV show called Strawberries with Sugar. In the episode, the characters
were infected by a life-threatening virus. After the show, more than three
hundred students reported similar symptoms as the ones experienced by the TV
show characters such as rashes and difficulty breathing. Some schools even
closed. The Portuguese National Institute for Medical Emergency concluded that
the virus did not exist in reality and that the symptoms were caused by mass
hysteria.
Similarly,
on Emirates flight 203 in September
2018, dozens of passengers started to believe they were sick after
observing other passengers with flu-like symptoms. As a consequence of the
panic, the whole flight was quarantined. In the end only a few passengers had a
common cold or the seasonal flu.
It
is well known that there exist nocebo effects,
which are the opposite of placebo effects. Due the placebo effect, a person
recovers from an illness because she expects to do so. When we suffer a nocebo
effect, on the other hand, we get ill just because we expect to become ill.1 In a
self-fulfilling prophecy, the expectation can cause the symptoms. Anxiety and
fear exacerbate this
process.2
Mass hysteria can cause people to have
symptoms. Moreover, hysteria, be it collective or not, makes people behave in
ways that prudent persons not affected by the hysteria would likely consider
absurd. It is open for empirical research to investigate if and to what extent
the world has been suffering from mass hysteria during the covid-19 epidemic.3 We all
have seen people hoarding toilet paper, wearing masks while driving alone in
cars, or have heard stories of people virtually not leaving their houses for
months. We also know people who are scared by the virus even though their own risk of death is
minuscule.
While
investigating the possibility of a corona mass hysteria is certainly
interesting, I would like to focus here on a more fundamental question;
namely, the extent to which the existence of the state can exacerbate mass
hysteria. Certainly, there can be cases of mass hysteria in a free society, due
to the negativity bias of
the human brain. We focus on negative news and suffer psychological stress when
we think we are not in control. This may happen also in a free society when
negative news prevail. Yet in a free society there exist certain
self-corrective mechanisms and limits that make it more difficult for mass
hysteria to spiral out of control.
As
a corrective mechanism, there exist well-known strategies to reduce fear and
anxiety. In a free society people are free to make use of these strategies. One
can release tension from one’s
body through sports and exercises. Moreover, it is essential to find
distractions from the negative news and socialize. In a free society these
distractions abound.
It
is true that hysteria can lead people to inflict enormous harm on themselves
and others. Yet in a free society there exists an essential limit to the
havoc caused by mass hysteria, and this limit is private property rights.
In a free society mass hysteria cannot lead to a massive violation of private
property rights by the state, simply because the state does not exist.
Moreover,
while anyone in a health hysteria may voluntarily close his business, wear a
mask, or stay at home, in a free society no one can force others who do
not succumb to the hysteria to close their businesses, wear masks, or
quarantine. A small minority who continue to live their normal
lives and are free to do so can be a wake-up call to those who
succumbed to the mass hysteria, especially the borderline cases. Imagine that a
small group of people continues to go shopping, to work, to breath freely, to
meet with friends and family, and that they do not die. Others may then follow
their example and the group of hysterics shrinks.Buy
While
the destruction inflicted by mass hysteria is limited by private property
rights in a free society, such limits do not exist when there is a state.4 Indeed,
a well-organized group that has succumbed to mass hysteria may get control of
the state apparatus and impose measures on the rest of the population and
inflict untold harm. The possibility of mass hysteria is an important reason
why the institution of the state is so dangerous.
Moreover,
while in a free society there are mechanisms that reduce mass panics, mass
hysteria can be exacerbated by the state for several reasons:
First,
the state can and, as in the case of the covid-19 epidemic, does prohibit
and diminish those activities that reduce fear and anxiety, such as sports
and diversion. The state actually fosters social isolation,
contributing to anxiety and
psychological strain, ingredients that spur mass hysteria.
Second,
the state takes a centralized approach to dealing with the source of the
hysteria, in our case the perceived threat of a virus. The state imposes
its solution, and in consequence there is no or very reduced
experimentation to solve the problem. People who have not succumbed to the
hysteria and oppose the state’s approach are suppressed. They cannot
demonstrate alternative ways to confront the “crisis,” because these
alternative ways are prohibited by the state. As a consequence, groupthink increases and
the hysteria feeds itself, as no alternatives are shown to people.
Third,
in a state, the media is often politicized. News outlets and social media
platforms have close relationships with the state. Media outlets may be
directly owned by the state, as are public TV channels, they may need
state licenses to operate, they may look for the goodwill of state agencies, or
may simply be staffed with people who were educated in state schools. These
news agencies and social media platforms engage
in massive negative news campaigns, intentionally scare
people, and suppress alternative information. If people listen to, watch, or
read negative and one-sided stories all day, their psychological stress and
anxiety increases. Mass hysteria
sponsored by a biased media sector may run out of control.
Fourth,
negative news from an authoritative source is
especially harmful for psychological health and produces anxiety. If there
exists in society an institution of total power such as the state that
intervenes in the lives of people from birth to death,5 the
announcements of its representatives acquire weight. Many people attach great
authority to these representatives and to the warnings of state institutions.
So, when a doctor such as Anthony Fauci speaks in the name of the state and
tells the people to worry and wear masks, it becomes easier for mass
hysteria to develop than would be the case in a decentralized society.
Fifth,
the state sometimes actively wants to instill fear in the population, thereby
contributing to the making of mass hysteria. In fact, during the first months
of the corona epidemic, an internal paper of
the German Department of the Interior was leaked to the public. In the paper,
the experts recommend that the German government instill fear in the German
population. The paper recommends increasing fear with three communication
measures. First, the authorities should emphasize the breathing problems of
covid-19 patients, because the human beings have a primordial fear of death by suffocation, which can easily trigger panic.
Second, fear should also be instilled in children. Children could get infected
easily when meeting with other children. They should be told that when
they in turn infect their parents and grandparents these could suffer
a distressful death at home. This measure intends to invoke feelings of guilt.
Third, authorities should mention the possibility of unknown long-term
irreversible damage after a corona infection and the possibility of the
sudden deaths of people who were infected. All these measures were intended to
increase fear in the population. Fear, at the end, is the foundation of every government´s
power. As H.L. Mencken put it:
The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace
alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an
endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.
To sum up: mass hysteria
is possible in a free society, but there are self-correcting mechanisms. The
harm such hysteria may inflict is limited by the enforcement of private
property rights. The state amplifies and exacerbates mass panics, causing
tremendous havoc. What are local, limited, and isolated outbreaks of mass
hysteria in a free society the state can convert into a global mass
hysteria. Unfortunately, there is no limit to the damage mass hysteria can
do to life and liberty if it takes hold of the government, as the state
does not respect private property. The unscrupulous violation of basic
liberties during the corona epidemic is a case in point. The possibility
of mass hysteria is another reason why the state is such a dangerous institution
to have.
—
1.In a famous case a man
tried to suicide himself. He thought he was swallowing twenty-nine capsules of
an experimental drug. However, they were in reality placebos. But he was
thinking he would be killing himself. He arrived at the hospital with extreme
low blood pressure and other serios symptoms. When the doctor of the medical
trial arrived and told him that he had taken just placebos, the man recovered
within fifteen minutes.
2.During the Spanish flu panic contributed
to deaths that otherwise would not have occurred.
3.Keep in mind that the psychological strain on and the anxiety suffered by
the population during the lockdowns was tremendous.Buy
4.For the psychology of masses and their
irrationality see the classical work of Gustave Le Bon.
5.A related point regards the consequences
that come with a population that stopped believing in God and started to
believe in the state instead. When people turn away from religion and stop
believing in a life after death, they start to fear death more. A strong fear
of death is another factor contributing to panics, disorders, and
mass hysteria. As Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn has put it: “It is difficult to
fear death if one is very pious. It is difficult not to worship health if one
fears death. It is difficult to enforce general health without large scale
state intervention and it is equally difficult to imagine increased state
intervention without a loss of liberties.” The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large (Milkwaukee,
WI: Bruce Publishing Company, 1943), pp. 38–39.
Note: The views expressed on Mises.org are not necessarily those of
the Mises Institute.
https://www.lewrockwell.com/2020/12/no_author/how-the-state-spreads-mass-hysteria/
